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Director - Xiaolu Xue Liked it - 72 Vote Writer - Xiaolu Xue 5,9 / 10 Star Runtime - 2hour 14 Min Australia, China. Chui shao rent a house. Chui shao rencontres. Wow, woow - Nice lessons! Thank you so much😊. Lol so nice. Chui shao reno. Chui shao rendu. 這不該只在大陸火 海外都該瞭解這號人物. Chui shao reno nv. Chui shao ren jie. Aime si tu pense quil va encore plus percé 👏🏾👏🏾. @ppplll000999 Is this really classic Chinese? Seems easy to understand to me. It's modern Chinese, just in written form. Chui shao renault. Chui shao renovating. Chui shao renewed. Chui shao renton.

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Chui shao rented. Hotpot TV, Watch Chinese, Taiwanese, and HK TV Shows for Free.

 

Chui shao rentals. It's 2019 and I still can't get over how Ren's prettier than me 😂. Chui shao. Jais mis sur mes cheveux T2r❤️❤️❤️❤️❤️❤️❤️💯💯💯💯♥️♥️♥️ Je t'adore jsuis fan de toi. - .  . : - - . , . Is there anything smiliar that I can use for the Chinese Baker's Ammonia ? I cant really found any Chinese Baker Ammonia around my area.

Chui shao rene. Chui shao renuka. Chui shao rentals. Autiful song. I have the CD version and I always like it. I guess after all those years, they still have job. Im adding this on my favor. Chui shao renzi. Not to mention wear such a kawaii dress too. Chui shao rennes. Chui shao renova. I like this song，Liza and Adam sing very well. Chui shao rental. I'm starting to listen to Chinese songs today and hey Chinese people! You're soo lucky because you know this wonderful language since you was born. I'm Turkish but i love chinese people and language loves from Turkey 🇹🇷 ❤️.

2:17 As a girl myself, If I didnt knew it was a full boy group performing(the second part) Id 100% believe that was a girl. Tiếc cho hai mẹ con! Cái đoạn suốt ngày chửi tao mất dạy thì hay hơn là nói giống Trấn Thành, Minh Dự, Bảo Lâm... Chui shao renaissance hotel. Chui shao rencontre. Trời ơi 2 mẹ con dễ thương quá. Bà mẹ thì trẻ hơn tuổi, ông con thì so với tuổi thấy già 😂. 可以寫吉他chords給我嗎？謝謝. Chui shao renovator. Chui shao renovation. Chui shao renninger. Im singing this song in a Chinese New year concert with my school. Chui shao ren. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Chinese romanization Mandarin Standard Chinese Hanyu Pinyin (ISO standard) EFEO Gwoyeu Romatzyh Spelling conventions Latinxua Sin Wenz Mandarin Phonetic Symbols II Postal romanization Tongyong Pinyin Wade–Giles Yale romanization Lessing-Othmer Legge romanization Simplified Wade Comparison chart Sichuanese Sichuanese Pinyin Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz Wu Wenzhounese Wenzhounese romanization Yue Cantonese Jyutping Guangdong Romanization Hong Kong Government Macau Government Meyer–Wempe Sidney Lau S. L. Wong (phonetic symbols) S. Wong (romanization) Cantonese Pinyin Standard Romanization Barnett–Chao Southern Min Taiwanese, Amoy and related Pe̍h-ōe-jī Modern Literal Taiwanese Phofsit Daibuun Habhunwe Latinxua Sin Bhundzi Bbánlám pìngyīm Daighi tongiong pingim TLPA Tâi-lô Teochew Peng'im Eastern Min Fuzhou dialect Foochow Romanized Fuzhou Transliteration Scheme Northern Min Jian'ou dialect Kienning Colloquial Romanized Pu-Xian Min Putian dialect Hinghwa Romanized Hainanese Haikou dialect Hainan Romanized Wenchang dialect Hainanese Transliteration Scheme Gan Chang-Du dialect PinFa Pha̍k-oa-chhi Hakka Meixian dialect Hagfa Pinyim Sixian dialect Pha̍k-fa-sṳ Xiang Chang–Yi dialects See also Other transliterations General Chinese Cyrillization Xiao'erjing 'Phags-pa script Bopomofo Taiwanese kana Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols Mongolian transliteration of Chinese characters Manchu transliteration Transcription into Chinese By place Romanization in Hong Kong Romanization in Singapore Romanization in Taiwan v t e This comparison of Chinese transcription systems comprises a list of all syllables which are considered phonemically distinguishable within Standard Mandarin. Gwoyeu Romatzyh employs a different spelling for each tone, whereas other systems employ tone marks or superscript numerals. Zhuyin Wade- Giles MPS II Yale Tong- yong Hanyu Pinyin IPA Tone 1 Tone 2 Tone 3 Tone 4 ㄚ a ar aa ah ㄞ ai air ae ay ㄢ an arn aan ann ㄤ ang arng aang anq aŋ ㄠ ao au aur aw ㄓㄚ cha ja jha zha jar jaa jah ʈʂa ㄔㄚ chʻa char chaa chah ʈʂʰa ㄓㄞ chai jai jhai zhai jair jae jay ʈʂai ㄔㄞ chʻai chair chae chay ʈʂʰai ㄓㄢ chan jan jhan zhan jarn jaan jann ʈʂan ㄔㄢ chʻan charn chaan chann ʈʂʰan ㄓㄤ chang jang jhang zhang jarng jaang janq ʈʂaŋ ㄔㄤ chʻang charng chaang chanq ʈʂʰaŋ ㄓㄠ chao jau jhao zhao jaur jao jaw ʈʂau ㄔㄠ chʻao chau chaur chaw ʈʂʰau ㄓㄜ chê je jhe zhe jer jee jeh ʈʂɤ ㄔㄜ chʻê che cher chee cheh ʈʂʰɤ ㄓㄟ chei jei jhei zhei jeir jeei jey ʈʂei ㄓㄣ chên jen jhen zhen jern jeen jenn ʈʂən ㄔㄣ chʻên chen chern cheen chenn ʈʂʰən ㄓㄥ chêng jeng jheng zheng jerng jeeng jenq ʈʂəŋ ㄔㄥ chʻêng cheng cherng cheeng chenq ʈʂʰəŋ ㄐㄧ chi ji jyi jii jih tɕi ㄑㄧ chʻi ci qi chyi chii chih tɕʰi ㄐㄧㄚ chia jia jya jea jiah tɕia ㄑㄧㄚ chʻia chya cia qia chea chiah tɕʰia ㄐㄧㄤ chiang jiang jyang jeang jianq tɕiaŋ ㄑㄧㄤ chʻiang chyang ciang qiang cheang chianq tɕʰiaŋ ㄐㄧㄠ chiao jiau jyau jiao jeau jiaw tɕiau ㄑㄧㄠ chʻiao chiau chyau ciao qiao cheau chiaw tɕʰiau ㄐㄧㄝ chieh jie jye jiee jieh tɕie ㄑㄧㄝ chʻieh chie chye cie qie chiee tɕʰie ㄐㄧㄢ chien jian jyan jean jiann tɕiɛn ㄑㄧㄢ chʻien chian chyan cian qian chean chiann tɕʰiɛn ㄓ jr jhih zhi jy jyr jyy jyh ʈʂɨ ㄔ chʻih chr chy chyr chyy chyh ʈʂʰɨ ㄐㄧㄣ chin jin jyn jiin jinn tɕin ㄑㄧㄣ chʻin cin qin chyn chiin chinn tɕʰin ㄐㄧㄥ ching jing jyng jiing jinq tɕiŋ ㄑㄧㄥ chʻing cing qing chyng chiing chinq tɕʰiŋ ㄐㄧㄡ chiu jiou jyou jiu jeou jiow tɕiou ㄑㄧㄡ chʻiu chiou chyou ciou qiu cheou chiow tɕʰiou ㄐㄩㄥ chiung jiung jyung jyong jiong jeong jionq tɕiʊŋ ㄑㄩㄥ chʻiung chyung cyong qiong chiong chyong cheong chionq tɕʰiʊŋ ㄓㄨㄛ cho juo jwo jhuo zhuo juoo juoh ʈʂuo ㄔㄨㄛ chʻo chuo chwo chuoo chuoh ʈʂʰuo ㄓㄡ chou jou jhou zhou jour joou jow ʈʂou ㄔㄡ chʻou chour choou chow ʈʂʰou ㄓㄨ chu ju jhu zhu jwu juu juh ʈʂu ㄔㄨ chʻu chwu chuu chuh ʈʂʰu ㄓㄨㄚ chua jua jwa jhua zhua joa juah ʈʂua ㄔㄨㄚ chʻua chwa chuar chuaa chuah ʈʂʰua ㄓㄨㄞ chuai juai jwai jhuai zhuai joai juay ʈʂuai ㄔㄨㄞ chʻuai chwai choai chuay ʈʂʰuai ㄓㄨㄢ chuan juan jwan jhuan zhuan joan juann ʈʂuan ㄔㄨㄢ chʻuan chwan choan chuann ʈʂʰuan ㄓㄨㄤ chuang juang jwang jhuang zhuang joang juanq ʈʂuaŋ ㄔㄨㄤ chʻuang chwang choang chuanq ʈʂʰuaŋ ㄓㄨㄟ chui juei jwei jhuei zhui joei juey ʈʂuei ㄔㄨㄟ chʻui chuei chwei choei chuey ʈʂʰuei ㄓㄨㄣ chun juen jwun jhun zhun jwen joen juenn ʈʂuən ㄔㄨㄣ chʻun chuen chwun chwen choen chuenn ʈʂʰuən ㄓㄨㄥ chung jung jhong zhong jong jorng joong jonq ʈʂʊŋ ㄔㄨㄥ chʻung chong chorng choong chonq ʈʂʰʊŋ ㄐㄩ chü jyu jeu jiuh tɕy ㄑㄩ chʻü chyu cyu qu cheu chiuh tɕʰy ㄐㄩㄢ chüan jiuan jywan jyuan jeuan jiuann tɕyɛn ㄑㄩㄢ chʻüan chiuan chywan cyuan quan chyuan cheuan chiuann tɕʰyɛn ㄐㄩㄝ chüeh jiue jywe jyue jue jeue jiueh tɕye ㄑㄩㄝ chʻüeh chiue chywe cyue que chyue cheue chiueh tɕʰye ㄐㄩㄣ chün jiun jyun jun jeun jiunn tɕyn ㄑㄩㄣ chʻün chiun chyun cyun qun cheun chiunn tɕʰyn ㄜ ê/o e er ee eh ɤ ㄝ ê è èr èe èh ɛ ㄟ ei eir eei ey ㄣ ên en ern een enn ən ㄦ êrh el erl eel ell aɚ ㄈㄚ fa far faa fah ㄈㄢ fan farn faan fann ㄈㄤ fang farng faang fanq faŋ ㄈㄟ fei feir feei fey ㄈㄣ fên fen fern feen fenn fən ㄈㄥ fêng feng fong ferng feeng fenq fəŋ ㄈㄛ fo fwo for foo foh fuo ㄈㄡ fou four foou fow ㄈㄨ fu fwu fuu fuh ㄏㄚ ha har haa hah xa ㄏㄞ hai hair hae hay xai ㄏㄢ han harn haan hann xan ㄏㄤ hang harng haang hanq xaŋ ㄏㄠ hao hau haur haw xau ㄏㄟ hei heir heei hey xei ㄏㄣ hên hen hern heen henn xən ㄏㄥ hêng heng herng heeng henq xəŋ ㄏㄜ ho he her hee heh xɤ ㄏㄡ hou hour hoou how xou ㄒㄧ hsi shi syi si xi shyi shii shih ɕi ㄒㄧㄚ hsia shia sya sia xia shya shea shiah ɕia ㄒㄧㄤ hsiang shiang syang siang xiang shyang sheang shianq ɕiaŋ ㄒㄧㄠ hsiao shiau syau siao xiao shyau sheau shiaw ɕiau ㄒㄧㄝ hsieh shie sye sie xie shye shiee shieh ɕie ㄒㄧㄢ hsien shian syan sian xian shyan shean shiann ɕiɛn ㄒㄧㄣ hsin shin syin sin xin shyn shiin shinn ɕin ㄒㄧㄥ hsing shing sying sing xing shyng shiing shinq ɕiŋ ㄒㄧㄡ hsiu shiou syou siou xiu shyou sheou shiow ɕiou ㄒㄩㄥ hsiung shiung syung syong xiong shiong shyong sheong shionq ɕiʊŋ ㄒㄩ hsü shiu syu xu shyu sheu shiuh ɕy ㄒㄩㄢ hsüan shiuan sywan syuan xuan shyuan sheuan shiuann ɕyɛn ㄒㄩㄝ hsüeh shiue sywe syue xue shyue sheue shiueh ɕye ㄒㄩㄣ hsün shiun syun xun shyun sheun shiunn ɕyn ㄏㄨ hu hwu huu huh ㄏㄨㄚ hua hwa hoa huah xua ㄏㄨㄞ huai hwai hoai huay xuai ㄏㄨㄢ huan hwan hoan huann ㄏㄨㄤ huang hwang hoang huanq xuaŋ ㄏㄨㄟ hui huei hwei hoei huey xuei ㄏㄨㄣ hun huen hwun hwen hoen huenn xuən ㄏㄨㄥ hung hong horng hoong honq xʊŋ ㄏㄨㄛ huo hwo huoo huoh xuo ㄧ i/yi yi i yii yih ㄖㄢ ran rhan raan rann ɻan ㄖㄤ rang rhang raang ranq ɻaŋ ㄖㄠ rau rao rhau raw ɻau ㄖㄜ jê re rhe ree reh ɻɤ ㄖㄣ jên ren rhen reen renn ɻən ㄖㄥ jêng reng rheng reeng renq ɻəŋ ㄖ r rih ri rhy ry ryy ryh ɻɨ ㄖㄨㄛ jo ruo rwo rhuo ruoo ruoh ɻuo ㄖㄡ rou rhou roou row ɻou ㄖㄨ ru rhu ruu ruh ɻu ㄖㄨㄢ ruan rwan rhuan roan ruann ɻuan ㄖㄨㄟ jui ruei rwei rui rhuei roei ruey ɻuei ㄖㄨㄣ ruen rwun run rhuen roen ruenn ɻuən ㄖㄨㄥ rung rong rhong roong ronq ɻʊŋ ㄍㄚ ka ga gar gaa gah ㄎㄚ kʻa kar kaa kah kʰa ㄍㄞ kai gai gair gae gay ㄎㄞ kʻai kair kae kay kʰai ㄍㄢ kan gan garn gaan gann ㄎㄢ kʻan karn kaan kann kʰan ㄍㄤ kang gang garng gaang ganq kaŋ ㄎㄤ kʻang karng kaang kanq kʰaŋ ㄍㄠ kao gau gao gaur gaw kau ㄎㄠ kʻao kaur kaw kʰau ㄍㄟ kei gei geir geei gey ㄎㄟ kʻei keir keei key kʰei ㄍㄣ kên gen gern geen genn kən ㄎㄣ kʻên ken kern keen kenn kʰən ㄍㄥ kêng geng gerng geeng genq kəŋ ㄎㄥ kʻêng keng kerng keeng kenq kʰəŋ ㄍㄜ ko ge ger gee geh kɤ ㄎㄜ kʻo ke ker kee keh kʰɤ ㄍㄡ kou gou gour goou gow ㄎㄡ kʻou kour koou kow kʰou ㄍㄨ ku gu gwu guu guh ㄎㄨ kʻu kwu kuu kuh kʰu ㄍㄨㄚ kua gua gwa goa guah ㄎㄨㄚ kʻua kwa koa kuah kʰua ㄍㄨㄞ kuai guai gwai goai guay ㄎㄨㄞ kʻuai kwai koai kuay kʰuai ㄍㄨㄢ kuan guan gwan goan guann ㄎㄨㄢ kʻuan kwan koan kuann kʰuan ㄍㄨㄤ kuang guang gwang goang guanq kuaŋ ㄎㄨㄤ kʻuang kwang koang kuanq kʰuaŋ ㄍㄨㄟ kuei guei gwei gui goei guey ㄎㄨㄟ kʻuei kwei kui koei kuey kʰuei ㄍㄨㄣ kun guen gwun gun gwen goen guenn kuən ㄎㄨㄣ kʻun kuen kwun kwen koen kuenn kʰuən ㄍㄨㄥ kung gung gong gorng goong gonq kʊŋ ㄎㄨㄥ kʻung kong korng koong konq kʰʊŋ ㄍㄨㄛ kuo guo gwo guoo guoh ㄎㄨㄛ kʻuo kwo kuoo kuoh kʰuo ㄌㄚ la lha laa lah ㄌㄞ lai lhai lae lay ㄌㄢ lan lhan laan lann ㄌㄤ lang lhang laang lanq laŋ ㄌㄠ lao lau lhau law ㄌㄜ lê le lhe lee leh lɤ ㄌㄟ lei lhei leei ley ㄌㄥ lêng leng lheng leeng lenq ləŋ ㄌㄧ li lhi lii lih ㄌㄧㄚ lia lya lhia lea liah ㄌㄧㄤ liang lyang lhiang leang lianq liaŋ ㄌㄧㄠ liao liau lyau lhiau leau liaw ㄌㄧㄝ lieh lie lye lhie liee ㄌㄧㄢ lien lian lyan lhian lean liann liɛn ㄌㄧㄣ lin lhin liin linn ㄌㄧㄥ ling lhing liing linq liŋ ㄌㄧㄡ liu liou lyou lhiou leou liow ㄌㄛ lo lor loo loh lɔ ㄌㄨㄛ luo lwo lhuo luoo luoh ㄌㄡ lou lhou loou low ㄌㄨ lu lhu luu luh ㄌㄨㄢ luan lwan lhuan loan luann ㄌㄨㄣ lun luen lwun lhuen loen luenn luən ㄌㄨㄥ lung long lhong loong lonq lʊŋ ㄌㄩ lü lyu lhiu leu liuh ly ㄌㄩㄝ lüeh liue lywe lyue lüe lhiue leue liueh ㄌㄩㄣ lün liun lyun lhiun leun liunn lyn ㄇㄚ ma mha maa mah ㄇㄞ mai mhai mae may ㄇㄢ man mhan maan mann ㄇㄤ mang mhang maang manq maŋ ㄇㄠ mao mau mhau maw ㄇㄜ mê me mhe mee meh mɤ ㄇㄟ mei mhei meei mey ㄇㄣ mên men mhen meen menn mən ㄇㄥ mêng meng mheng meeng menq məŋ ㄇㄧ mi mhi mii mih ㄇㄧㄠ miao miau myau mhiau meau miaw ㄇㄧㄝ mieh mie mye mhie miee ㄇㄧㄢ mien mian myan mhian mean miann miɛn ㄇㄧㄣ min mhin miin minn ㄇㄧㄥ ming mhing miing minq miŋ ㄇㄧㄡ miu miou myou mhiou meou miow ㄇㄛ mo mwo mho moo moh muo ㄇㄡ mou mhou moou mow ㄇㄨ mu mhu muu muh ㄋㄚ na nha naa nah ㄋㄞ nai nhai nae nay ㄋㄢ nan nhan naan nann ㄋㄤ nang nhang naang nanq naŋ ㄋㄠ nao nau nhau naw ㄋㄜ nê ne nhe nee neh nɤ ㄋㄟ nei nhei neei ney ㄋㄣ nên nen nhen neen nenn nən ㄋㄥ nêng neng nheng neeng nenq nəŋ ㄋㄧ ni nhi nii nih ㄋㄧㄚ nia nya niar niaa niah ㄋㄧㄤ niang nyang nhiang neang nianq niaŋ ㄋㄧㄠ niao niau nyau nhiau neau niaw ㄋㄧㄝ nieh nie nye nhie niee ㄋㄧㄢ nien nian nyan nhian nean niann niɛn ㄋㄧㄣ nin nhin niin ninn ㄋㄧㄥ ning nhing niing ninq niŋ ㄋㄧㄡ niu niou nyou nhiou neou niow ㄋㄨㄛ no nuo nwo nhuo nuoo nuoh ㄋㄡ nou nhou noou now ㄋㄨ nu nhu nuu nuh ㄋㄨㄢ nuan nwan nhuan noan nuann ㄋㄨㄣ nun nuen nwun nhuen noen nuenn nuən ㄋㄨㄥ nung nong nhong noong nonq nʊŋ ㄋㄩ nü nyu nhiu neu niuh ny ㄋㄩㄝ nüeh niue nywe nyue nüe nhiue neue niueh ㄡ ou our oou ow ㄅㄚ pa ba bar baa bah ㄆㄚ pʻa par paa pah pʰa ㄅㄞ pai bai bair bae bay ㄆㄞ pʻai pair pae pay pʰai ㄅㄢ pan ban barn baan bann ㄆㄢ pʻan parn paan pann pʰan ㄅㄤ pang bang barng baang banq paŋ ㄆㄤ pʻang parng paang panq pʰaŋ ㄅㄠ pao bau bao baur baw pau ㄆㄠ pʻao paur paw pʰau ㄅㄟ pei bei beir beei bey ㄆㄟ pʻei peir peei pey pʰei ㄅㄣ pên ben bern been benn pən ㄆㄣ pʻên pen pern peen penn pʰən ㄅㄥ pêng beng berng beeng benq pəŋ ㄆㄥ pʻêng peng perng peeng penq pʰəŋ ㄅㄧ pi bi byi bii bih ㄆㄧ pʻi pyi pii pih pʰi ㄅㄧㄠ piao biau byau biao beau biaw piau ㄆㄧㄠ pʻiao pyau peau piaw pʰiau ㄅㄧㄝ pieh bie bye biee bieh pie ㄆㄧㄝ pʻieh pye piee pʰie ㄅㄧㄢ pien bian byan bean biann piɛn ㄆㄧㄢ pʻien pian pyan pean piann pʰiɛn ㄅㄧㄣ pin bin byn biin binn ㄆㄧㄣ pʻin pyn piin pinn pʰin ㄅㄧㄥ ping bing byng biing binq piŋ ㄆㄧㄥ pʻing pyng piing pinq pʰiŋ ㄅㄛ po bo bwo bor boo boh puo ㄆㄛ pʻo pwo por poo poh pʰuo ㄆㄡ pʻou pou pour poou pow pʰou ㄅㄨ pu bu bwu buu buh ㄆㄨ pʻu pwu puu puh pʰu ㄙㄚ sa sar saa sah ㄙㄞ sai sair sae say ㄙㄢ san sarn saan sann ㄙㄤ sang sarng saang sanq saŋ ㄙㄠ sao sau saur saw ㄙㄜ sê se ser see seh sɤ ㄙㄟ sei seir seei sey ㄙㄣ sên sen sern seen senn sən ㄙㄥ sêng seng serng seeng senq səŋ ㄕㄚ sha shar shaa shah ʂa ㄕㄞ shai shair shae shay ʂai ㄕㄢ shan sharn shaan shann ʂan ㄕㄤ shang sharng shaang shanq ʂaŋ ㄕㄠ shao shau shaur shaw ʂau ㄕㄜ shê she sher shee sheh ʂɤ ㄕㄟ shei sheir sheei shey ʂei ㄕㄣ shên shen shern sheen shenn ʂən ㄕㄥ shêng sheng sherng sheeng shenq ʂəŋ ㄕ shr shy shyr shyy shyh ʂɨ ㄕㄡ shou shour shoou show ʂou ㄕㄨ shu shwu shuu shuh ʂu ㄕㄨㄚ shua shwa shoa shuah ʂua ㄕㄨㄞ shuai shwai shoai shuay ʂuai ㄕㄨㄢ shuan shwan shoan shuann ʂuan ㄕㄨㄤ shuang shwang shoang shuanq ʂuaŋ ㄕㄨㄟ shui shuei shwei shoei shuey ʂuei ㄕㄨㄣ shun shuen shwun shwen shoen shuenn ʂuən ㄕㄨㄥ shung shong shorng shoong shonq ʂʊŋ ㄕㄨㄛ shuo shwo shuoo shuoh ʂuo ㄙㄨㄛ so suo swo suoo suoh ㄙㄡ sou sour soou sow ㄙ ssŭ sz sih sy syr syy syh sɨ ㄙㄨ su swu suu suh ㄙㄨㄢ suan swan soan suann ㄙㄨㄟ sui suei swei soei suey ㄙㄨㄣ sun suen swun swen soen suenn suən ㄙㄨㄥ sung song sorng soong sonq sʊŋ ㄉㄚ ta da dar daa dah ㄊㄚ tʻa tar taa tah tʰa ㄉㄞ tai dai dair dae day ㄊㄞ tʻai tair tae tay tʰai ㄉㄢ tan dan darn daan dann ㄊㄢ tʻan tarn taan tann tʰan ㄉㄤ tang dang darng daang danq taŋ ㄊㄤ tʻang tarng taang tanq tʰaŋ ㄉㄠ tao dau dao daur daw tau ㄊㄠ tʻao taur taw tʰau ㄉㄜ tê de der dee deh tɤ ㄊㄜ tʻê te ter tee teh tʰɤ ㄉㄟ tei dei deir deei dey ㄉㄣ tên den dern deen denn tən ㄉㄥ têng deng derng deeng denq təŋ ㄊㄥ tʻêng teng terng teeng tenq tʰəŋ ㄉㄧ ti di dyi dii dih ㄊㄧ tʻi tyi tii tih tʰi ㄉㄧㄤ tiang diang dyang deang dianq tiaŋ ㄉㄧㄠ tiao diau dyau diao deau diaw tiau ㄊㄧㄠ tʻiao tyau teau tiaw tʰiau ㄉㄧㄝ tieh die dye diee dieh tie ㄊㄧㄝ tʻieh tye tiee tʰie ㄉㄧㄢ tien dian dyan dean diann tiɛn ㄊㄧㄢ tʻien tian tyan tean tiann tʰiɛn ㄉㄧㄥ ting ding dyng diing dinq tiŋ ㄊㄧㄥ tʻing tyng tiing tinq tʰiŋ ㄉㄧㄡ tiu diou dyou diu deou diow tiou ㄉㄨㄛ to duo dwo duoo duoh tuo ㄊㄨㄛ tʻo two tuoo tuoh tʰuo ㄉㄡ tou dou dour doou dow ㄊㄡ tʻou tour toou tow tʰou ㄗㄚ tsa tza dza za tzar tzaa tzah ㄘㄚ tsʻa ca tsar tsaa tsah tsʰa ㄗㄞ tsai tzai dzai zai tzair tzae tzay ㄘㄞ tsʻai cai tsair tsae tsay tsʰai ㄗㄢ tsan tzan dzan zan tzarn tzaan tzann ㄘㄢ tsʻan can tsarn tsaan tsann tsʰan ㄗㄤ tsang tzang dzang zang tzarng tzaang tzanq tsaŋ ㄘㄤ tsʻang cang tsarng tsaang tsanq tsʰaŋ ㄗㄠ tsao tzau dzau zao tzaur tzao tzaw tsau ㄘㄠ tsʻao cao tsaur tsaw tsʰau ㄗㄜ tsê tze dze ze tzer tzee tzeh tsɤ ㄘㄜ tsʻê tse ce tser tsee tseh tsʰɤ ㄗㄟ tsei tzei dzei zei tzeir tzeei tzey ㄗㄣ tsên tzen dzen zen tzern tzeen tzenn tsən ㄘㄣ tsʻên tsen cen tsern tseen tsenn tsʰən ㄗㄥ tsêng tzeng dzeng zeng tzerng tzeeng tzenq tsəŋ ㄘㄥ tsʻêng tseng ceng tserng tseeng tsenq tsʰəŋ ㄗㄨㄛ tso tzuo dzwo zuo tzwo tzuoo tzuoh tsuo ㄘㄨㄛ tsʻo tswo cuo tsuoo tsuoh tsʰuo ㄗㄡ tsou tzou dzou zou tzour tzoou tzow ㄘㄡ tsʻou cou tsour tsoou tsow tsʰou ㄗㄨ tsu tzu dzu zu tzwu tzuu tzuh ㄘㄨ tsʻu cu tswu tsuu tsuh tsʰu ㄗㄨㄢ tsuan tzuan dzwan zuan tzwan tzoan tzuann ㄘㄨㄢ tsʻuan tswan cuan tsoan tsuann tsʰuan ㄗㄨㄟ tsui tzuei dzwei zuei zui tzwei tzoei tzuey tsuei ㄘㄨㄟ tsʻui tswei cuei cui tsoei tsuey tsʰuei ㄗㄨㄣ tsun tzuen dzwun zun tzwen tzoen tzuenn tsuən ㄘㄨㄣ tsʻun tsuen tswun cun tswen tsoen tsuenn tsʰuən ㄗㄨㄥ tsung tzung dzung zong tzong tzorng tzoong tzonq tsʊŋ ㄘㄨㄥ tsʻung cong tsong tsorng tsoong tsonq tsʰʊŋ ㄉㄨ tu du dwu duu duh ㄊㄨ tʻu twu tuu tuh tʰu ㄉㄨㄢ tuan duan dwan doan duann ㄊㄨㄢ tʻuan twan toan tuann tʰuan ㄉㄨㄟ tui duei dwei dui doei duey tuei ㄊㄨㄟ tʻui twei toei tuey tʰuei ㄉㄨㄣ tun duen dwun dun dwen doen duenn tuən ㄊㄨㄣ tʻun tuen twun twen toen tuenn tʰuən ㄉㄨㄥ tung dung dong dorng doong donq tʊŋ ㄊㄨㄥ tʻung tong torng toong tonq tʰʊŋ ㄗ tzŭ tz dz zih zi tzy tzyr tzyy tzyh tsɨ ㄘ tzʻŭ tsz cih tsy tsyr tsyy tsyh tsʰɨ ㄨㄚ wa ua waa wah ㄨㄞ wai uai woai way ㄨㄢ wan uan woan wann ㄨㄤ wang uang woang wanq uaŋ ㄨㄟ wei uei woei wey ㄨㄣ wên wen wun uen woen wenn uən ㄨㄥ wêng weng wong ueng woeng wenq uəŋ ㄨㄛ wo uo woo woh ㄨ wu u wuu wuh ㄧㄚ ya ia yea yah ㄧㄢ yen yan ian yean yann iɛn ㄧㄤ yang iang yeang yanq iaŋ ㄧㄠ yao yau iau yeau yaw ㄧㄝ yeh ye ie yee ㄧㄣ yin in yn yiin yinn ㄧㄥ ying ing yng yiing yinq iŋ ㄧㄡ yu you iou yeou yow ㄩㄥ yung yong iong yeong yonq iʊŋ ㄩ yü iu yeu yuh y ㄩㄢ yüan yuan ywan iuan yeuan yuann yɛn ㄩㄝ yüeh yue ywe iue yeue yueh ㄩㄣ yün yun iun yeun yunn See also [ edit] Romanization of Chinese Transcription into Chinese characters Pinyin table.

OMG. God bless you mommie, you're so hot. You can't teach me Chinese, cuz your beauty is distracting me the whole time, can't focus :P. Under a Creative Commons license open access Highlights • Black phosphorus has attracted tremendous attention recently. • The advances of liquid-phase exfoliated black phosphorus are reviewed. • The emerging applications of black phosphorus flakes as well as quantum dots are reviewed. • Future perspective of black phosphorus is also given. Abstract Interest in two-dimensional (2D) materials is growing exponentially across various scientific and engineering disciplines owing to their fascinating electrical, optical, chemical, and thermal properties. As one of the newest members in the 2D nanomaterial family, black phosphorus (BP) has recently attracted much attention all over the world and shown great potential in novel nanoelectronics owing to its direct and narrow bandgap. Regarding to the scale production of BP and its related electronic devices, liquid-phase exfoliation reveals superior advances when compared with mechanical exfoliation. Remarkably, liquid-phase exfoliated BP flakes and quantum dots (QDs) exhibit exciting properties in electronic, energy storage, sensors, solar cells, photothermal effect, cancer theranostics and photonic devices. In this article, we discuss the exfoliation of BP in diverse solvents and extend the topic from BP flakes to QDs and summarize the significant advances recently made. We also outline future prospects of solution exfoliated BP nanomaterials, and comment on the challenges that need to be overcome for future applications. Keywords Black phosphorus Two-dimensional materials Solution exfoliation Energy materials View Abstract 2017 Elsevier B. V.

Children like music Old people like dancing I like both - Conficius said ( ca nhi vu tau) xie xie. I couldn't stop staring at ren😍😍. Chui shao renewal. You're using an out-of-date version of Internet Explorer. To browse and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to  upgrade your browser. Chui shao rent. Chui shao rendez. Chui shao reno 911. Giọng e hát qa hay Ny oi. FANGIRL: imagine Ren being your husband INNER THOUGHTS: i think i would be mistaken as the husband. Teochew Chaozhou 潮州話/潮汕話 Native to China, Overseas Chinese communities Region Eastern Guangdong ( Chaoshan) Southern Fujian ( Zhao'an) Ethnicity Han Chinese ( Teochew people) Language family Sino-Tibetan Sinitic Min Coastal Min Southern Min Chaoshan Min (Teo-Swa) Teochew Language codes ISO 639-3 – Glottolog chao1238 [1] Linguasphere 79-AAA-ji This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. Teochew dialect Traditional Chinese 潮州話 Simplified Chinese 潮州话 Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Cháozhōu huà Wu Romanization zau tseu ghae ho Hakka Romanization Tshèu-chû-fa Yue: Cantonese Jyutping Ciu4 zau1 waa2 Southern Min Hokkien POJ Tiê-chiu-uē Teochew Peng'im Diê⁵ziu¹ uê⁷/Dio⁵ziu¹ uê⁷ Eastern Min Fuzhou BUC Dièu-ciŭ-uâ Teochew ( Chinese: 潮州話; pinyin: Cháozhōuhuà, Chaozhou dialect: Diê⁵ziu¹ uê⁷, Shantou dialect: Dio⁵ziu¹ uê⁷) is a dialect of Chaoshan Min, a Southern Min language, that is spoken by the Teochew people in the Chaoshan region of eastern Guangdong and by their diaspora around the world. It is sometimes referred to as Chiuchow, its Cantonese rendering, due to the English romanisation by colonial officials and explorers. It is closely related to some dialects of Hokkien, as it shares some cognates and phonology with Hokkien, although the two are not largely mutually intelligible. Teochew preserves many Old Chinese pronunciations and vocabulary that have been lost in some of the other modern varieties of Chinese. As such, many linguists [ who. consider Teochew one of the most conservative Chinese languages. [2] Languages in contact [ edit] This refers to Chaozhou, the variant of Southern Min (Min Nan) spoken in China. Mandarin [ edit] Chaozhou children are introduced to Standard Chinese as early as in kindergarten; however, Chaozhou remains the primary medium of instruction. In the early years of primary education, Mandarin becomes the sole language of instruction, although students typically continue to talk to one another in Chaozhou. Mandarin is widely understood, however minimally, by most younger Chaozhou speakers, but the elderly usually do not speak Mandarin since teaching was done in the local vernacular in the past. Chaozhou accent in Mandarin [ edit] Native Chaozhou speakers find the neutral tone in Mandarin hardest to master. Chaozhou has lost the alveolar nasal ending [ n] and so the people often replace the sound in Mandarin with the velar nasal [ ŋ. None of the southern Min dialects have a front rounded vowel, therefore a typical Chaozhou accent supplants the unrounded counterpart [i] for [y. Chaozhou, like its ancient ancestor, lacks labio-dentals; people therefore substitute [h] or [hu] for [f] when they speak Mandarin. Chaozhou does not have any of the retroflex consonants in the northern dialects, so they pronounce [ts. tsʰ. s] and [z] instead of [tʂ. tʂʰ. ʂ] and [ʐ. original research? Hakka [ edit] Since Chao'an, Raoping and Jieyang border the Hakka-speaking region in the north, some people in these regions speak Hakka, though they can usually speak Chaozhou as well. Chaozhou people have historically had a great deal of contact with the Hakka people, but Hakka has had little, if any, influence on Chaozhou. Similarly, in Dabu and Fengshun, where the Chaozhou- and Hakka-speaking regions meet, Chaozhou is also spoken although Hakka remains the primary form of Chinese spoken there. Cantonese [ edit] Because of the strong influence of Hong Kong soap operas, Guangdong provincial television programs and Cantonese pop songs, many young Chaoshan peoples can understand quite a lot of Cantonese even if they cannot speak it in certain degrees of fluency. citation needed] Hmong-Mien languages [ edit] In the mountainous area of Fenghuang ( 鳳凰山) the She language, an endangered Hmong–Mien language, is spoken by the She people, who are an officially recognised non-Han ethnic minority. They predominantly speak Hakka and Teochew; only about 1, 000 She still speak their eponymous language. Phonetics and phonology [ edit] Consonants [ edit] Teochew, like other Southern Min varieties, is one of the few modern Sinitic languages which have voiced obstruents (stops, fricatives and affricates) however, unlike Wu and Xiang Chinese, the Teochew voiced stops and fricatives did not evolve from Middle Chinese voiced obstruents, but from nasals. The voiced stops [b] and [ɡ] and also [l] are voicelessly prenasalised [ᵐ̥b. ᵑ̊ɡ. ⁿ̥ɺ] respectively. They are in complementary distribution with the tenuis stops [p t k] occurring before nasal vowels and nasal codas, whereas the tenuis stops occur before oral vowels and stop codas. The voiced affricate dz, initial in such words as 字 (dzi˩) 二 (dzi˧˥) 然 (dziaŋ˥) 若 (dziak˦) loses its affricate property with some younger speakers abroad, and is relaxed to [z. Southern Min dialects and varieties are typified by a lack of labiodentals, as illustrated below: Teochew consonants Bilabial Alveolar Velar Glottal Nasal m 毛 n 年 ŋ 雅 Stop aspirated pʰ 皮 tʰ 台 kʰ 可 voiceless p 比 t 都 k 歌 ʔ voiced b 米 g 鵝/牙 Affricate tsʰ 菜/樹 ts 書/指/食 Fricative s 士/速 (d)z 爾/貳 h 海/系 h̃ 園/遠 [h̃ŋ] Approximant l 來/內 Syllable [ edit] Syllables in Teochew contain an onset consonant, a medial glide, a nucleus, usually in the form of a vowel, but can also be occupied by a syllabic consonant like [ŋ] and a final consonant. All the elements of the syllable except for the nucleus are optional, which means a vowel or a syllabic consonant alone can stand as a fully-fledged syllable. Onsets [ edit] All the consonants except for the glottal stop ʔ shown in the consonants chart above can act as the onset of a syllable; however, the onset position is not obligatorily occupied. Finals [ edit] Teochew finals consist maximally of a medial, nucleus and coda. The medial can be i or u, the nucleus can be a monophthong or diphthong, and the coda can be a nasal or a stop. A syllable must consist minimally of a vowel nucleus or syllabic nasal. Nucleus - a - e̞ - o̞ - ə - i - u - ai- au- oi- ou- ui- iu- ∅- Medial i- u- Coda -∅ a ia ua e ue o io ɨ i u ai uai au ou iou ui iu - ◌̃ ã ĩã ũã ẽ ũẽ ĩõ ɨ̃ ĩ ãĩ ũãĩ ãũ õĩ õũ ũĩ ĩũ - ʔ aʔ iaʔ uaʔ eʔ ueʔ oʔ ioʔ iʔ auʔ oiʔ - m am iam uam im m̩ - ŋ aŋ iaŋ uaŋ eŋ oŋ ioŋ əŋ iŋ uŋ ŋ̩ - p ap iap uap ip - k ak iak uak ek ok iok ək ik uk Tones [ edit] Citation tones [ edit] Teochew, like other Chinese varieties, is a tonal language. It has six tones (reduced to two in stopped syllables) and extensive tone sandhi. Teochew tones Tone number Tone name Pitch contour Description Sandhi 1 yin level ( 陰平) ˧ (3) mid 2 yin rising ( 陰上) ˥˨ (52) falling 6 3 yin departing ( 陰去) ˨˩˧ (213) low rising 2 or 5 4 yin entering ( 陰入) ˨̚ (2) low checked 8 5 yang level ( 陽平) ˥ (5) high 7 yang rising ( 陽上) ˧˥ (35) high rising yang departing ( 陽去) ˩ (1) low yang entering ( 陽入) ˦̚ (4) high checked As with sandhi in other Min Nan dialects, the checked tones interchange. The yang tones all become low. Sandhi is not accounted for in the description below. Grammar [ edit] The grammar of Teochew is similar to other Min languages, as well as some southern varieties of Chinese, especially with Hakka, Yue and Wu. The sequence ' subject–verb–object ' is typical, like Standard Mandarin, although the ' subject–object–verb ' form is also possible using particles. Morphology [ edit. needs IPA] Pronouns [ edit] Personal pronouns [ edit] The personal pronouns in Teochew, like in other Chinese varieties, do not show case marking, therefore 我 [ua] means both I and me and 伊人 [iŋ] means they and them. The southern Min dialects, like some northern dialects, have a distinction between an inclusive and exclusive we, meaning that when the addressee is being included, the inclusive pronoun 俺 [naŋ] would be used, otherwise 阮 [ŋ. No other southern Chinese variety has this distinction. Personal Pronouns in Teochew Singular Plural 1st person 我 ua˥˨ I / me Inclusive 俺 naŋ˥˨ we / us Exclusive 阮 uaŋ˥˨ (uŋ˥˨ / ŋ˥˨) 2nd person 汝 lɨ˥˨ you 恁 niŋ˥˨ you (plural) 3rd person 伊 i˧ he/she/it/him/her 伊人 iŋ˧ (i˧ naŋ˥) they/them Possessive pronouns [ edit] Teochew does not distinguish the possessive pronouns from the possessive adjectives. As a general rule, the possessive pronouns or adjectives are formed by adding the genitive or possessive marker 個 [kai5] to their respective personal pronouns, as summarised below: Possessive Pronouns in Teochew 我個 ua˥˨ kai˥ my / mine 俺個 naŋ˥˨ kai˥ our / ours 阮個 uaŋ˥˨ (uŋ˥˨ / ŋ˥˨) kai˥ ours / ours 汝個 lɨ˥˨ kai˥ your / yours 恁個 niŋ˥˨ kai˥ your / yours (plural) 伊個 i˧ kai˥ his / his; her / hers; its / its 伊人個 iŋ˧ (i˧ naŋ˥) kai˥ their / theirs 本書是 我個. [puŋ˥˨ tsɨ˧ si˧˥ ua˥˨ kai˥] The book is mine. As 個 [kai˥] is the generic measure word, it may be replaced by other more appropriate classifiers: 我 條 裙 [ua˥˨ tiou˥ kuŋ˥] my skirt Demonstrative pronouns [ edit] Teochew has the typical two-way distinction between the demonstratives, namely the proximals and the distals, as summarised in the following chart: The Teochew Demonstratives Proximal Distal General 之個 [tsi˥˨ kai˥] this 許個 [hɨ˥˨ kai˥] that 之撮 [tsi˥˨ tsʰoʔ˦] these 許撮 [hɨ˥˨ tsʰoʔ˦] those Spatial 之塊 [tsi˥˨ ko˨˩˧] here 許塊 [hɨ˥˨ ko˨˩˧] there 之內 [tsi˥˨ lai˧˥] inside 許內 [hɨ˥˨ lai˧˥] 之口 [tsi˥˨ kʰau˩] outside 許口 [hɨ˥˨ kʰau˩] Temporal 之陣 / 當 [tsi˥˨ tsuŋ˥ / təŋ˨˩˧] now; recently 許陣 / 當 [hɨ˥˨ tsuŋ˥ / təŋ˨˩˧] then Adverbial 這生 [tse˥˨ sẽ˧] like this 向生 [hia˥˨ sẽ˧] like that Degree 之樣 [tsĩõ˨˩˧] 向樣 [hĩõ˨˩˧] Type 者個 [tsia˥˨ kai˥] this kind 向個 [hia˥˨ kai˥] that kind Interrogative pronouns [ edit] The Teochew Interrogative Pronouns who / whom (底)珍 [ti tiaŋ] 底人 [ti naŋ] what 乜個 [miʔ kai] what (kind of. noun 乜 + N [miʔ] which 底 + NUM + CL. N) ti] 底個 [ti kai] where 底塊 [ti ko] when 珍時 [tiaŋ si] how manner 做呢 [tso ni] state 在些(樣) tsai sẽ ĩõ] 乜些樣 [miʔ sẽ ĩõ] 什乜樣 [si miʔ ĩõ] how many 幾 + CL + N [kui] 若多. CL. N) dzieʔ tsoi] how much 若多 [dzieʔ tsoi] why Numerals [ edit] Teochew numeral system Pronunciation Financial Normal Value Notes liŋ5 零 〇 0 〇 is an informal way to represent zero, but 零 is more commonly used, especially in schools. also 空 [kang3] tsek8 壹 一 also 蜀 [tsek8] original character) also 弌 (obsolete) also [ik4] as the last digit of a 2-or-more-digit number e. g. 二十一 [dzi6 tsap8 ik4] or days of a month e. 一號 [ik4 ho7] or as an ordinal number e. 第一 [tõĩ6 ik4] also 么(T) or 幺(S) iou1] when used in phone numbers etc. no6 兩 (T) 二 also 弍 (obsolete) also 貳 (T) also [dzi6] as the last digit of a 2-or-more-digit number e. 三十二 [sã1 tsap8 dzi6] or days of a month e. 二號 [dzi6 ho7] or as an ordinal number e. 第二 [tõĩ6 dzi6. sã1 叄 (T) 三 also 弎 (obsolete) also 參 [sã1. si3 肆 四 ŋou6 伍 五 lak8 陸 六 tsʰik4 柒 七 poiʔ4 捌 八 kau2 玖 九 9 tsap8 拾 十 10 Although some people use 什, It is not acceptable because it can be written over into 伍. Note: T) Traditional characters; S) Simplified characters. Ordinal numbers are formed by adding 第 [tõĩ˧˥] in front of a cardinal number. Voice [ edit] In Teochew passive construction, the agent phrase by somebody always has to be present, and is introduced by either 乞 [kʰoiʔ˦] some speakers use [kʰəʔ] or [kʰiəʔ] instead) or 分 [puŋ˧] even though it is in fact a zero or indefinite agent as in: 伊 分人 刣掉. [i˧ puŋ˧ naŋ˥ tʰai˥ tiou˩] S/he was killed (by someone. While in Mandarin one can have the agent introducer 被; bèi or 給; gěi alone without the agent itself, it is not grammatical to say * 個杯 分 敲掉. [kai˥ pue˧ puŋ˧ kʰa˧ tiou˩] The cup was broken. cf. Mandarin 杯子給打破了; bēizi gěi dǎ pòle) Instead, we have to say: 個杯分人敲掉. [kai˥ pue˧ puŋ˧ naŋ˥ kʰa˧ tiou˩] Even though this 人 [naŋ˥] is unknown. Note also that the agent phrase 分人 [puŋ˧ naŋ˥] always comes immediately after the subject, not at the end of the sentence or between the auxiliary and the past participle like in some European languages (e. German, Dutch) Comparison [ edit] Comparative construction with two or more nouns [ edit] Teochew uses the construction "X ADJ 過 [kue˨˩˧] Y" which is believed to have evolved from the Old Chinese "X ADJ 于 (yú) Y" structure [ citation needed] to express the idea of comparison: 伊雅過汝. [i˧ ŋia˥˨ kue˨˩˧ lɨ˥˨] She is more beautiful than you. Cantonese uses the same construction: 佢靚過你. Keoi5 leng3 gwo3 nei5. However, due to modern influences from Mandarin, the Mandarin structure "X 比 Y ADJ" has also gained popularity over the years. Therefore, the same sentence can be re-structured and becomes: 伊比汝雅. [i˩ pi˥˨ lɨ˥˨ ŋia˥˨] cf. Mandarin 她比你漂亮; tā bǐ nǐ piàoliang Comparative construction with only one noun [ edit] The 過 - or 比 -construction must involve two or more nouns to be compared; an ill-formed sentence will be yielded when only one is being mentioned: 伊雅過. Teochew is different from English, where the second noun being compared can be left out ( Tatyana is more beautiful (than Lisa. In cases like this, the 夭 -construction must be used instead: 伊夭雅. [i1 iou6 ŋia2] She is more beautiful. The same holds true for Mandarin and Cantonese in that another structure needs to be used when only one of the nouns being compared is mentioned. Note also that Teochew and Mandarin both use a pre-modifier (before the adjective) while Cantonese uses a post-modifier (after the adjective. Mandarin 她 比較 漂亮 tā bǐjiào piàoliang Cantonese 佢靚 啲 keoi5 leng3 di1 There are two words which are intrinsically comparative in meaning, i. e. 贏 [ĩã5] better" and 輸 [su1] worse. They can be used alone or in conjunction with the 過 -structure: 只領裙輸(過)許領. [tsi2 nĩã2 kuŋ5 su1 kue3 hɨ2 nĩã2] This skirt is not as good as that one. 我內個電腦贏伊個好多. [ua2 lai6 kai7 tiaŋ6 nau2 ĩã5 i1 kai7 hoʔ2 tsoi7] My computer (at home) is far better than his. Note the use of the adverbial 好多 [hoʔ2 tsoi7] at the end of the sentence to express a higher degree. Equal construction [ edit] In Teochew, the idea of equality is expressed with the word 平 [pẽ5] or 平樣 [pẽ5 ĩõ7] 只本書佮許本平重. [tsi2 puŋ2 tsɨ1 kaʔ4 hɨ2 puŋ2 pẽ5 taŋ6] This book is as heavy as that one. 伊兩人平平樣. [i1 no6 naŋ5 pẽ5 pẽ5 ĩõ7] They are the same. (They look the same. /They're as good as each other. /They're as bad as each other. ) Lit. The two people are the same same way. Superlative construction [ edit] To express the superlative, Teochew uses the adverb 上 [siaŋ5] or 上頂 [siaŋ5 teŋ2. 上頂 is usually used with a complimentary connotation. 只間物上頂好食. [tsi2 kõĩ1 mueʔ8 siaŋ5 teŋ2 ho2 tsiaʔ8] This (restaurant) is (absolutely) the most delicious. 伊人對我上好. [i1 naŋ5 tui3 ua2 siaŋ5 ho2] They treat me best. Lit. The people treat me very well. Vocabulary [ edit] The vocabulary of Teochew shares a lot of similarities with Cantonese because of their continuous contact with each other. ambiguous] Like Cantonese, Teochew has a great deal of monosyllabic words. citation needed] However, ever since the standardisation of Modern Standard Chinese, Teochew has absorbed a lot of Putonghua vocabulary, which is predominantly polysyllabic. Also, Teochew varieties in Singapore, Malaysia and Indonesia have also borrowed extensively from Malay. Archaic vocabulary [ edit] Teochew and other Southern Min varieties, such as Hokkien, preserve a good deal of Old Chinese vocabulary, such as 目 [mak] eye ( Chinese: 眼睛; pinyin: yǎnjīng, Hokkien: 目 ba̍k) 灱 [ta] dry ( Chinese: 乾; pinyin: gān, Hokkien: 焦 ta) and 囥 [kʰəŋ] hide (cf. Chinese: 藏; pinyin: cáng; Hokkien: 囥 khǹg. Romanisation [ edit] Teochew was romanised by the Provincial Education Department of Guangdong in 1960 to aid linguistic studies and the publication of dictionaries, although Pe̍h-ōe-jī can also be used because Christian missionaries invented it for the transcription of varieties of Southern Min. Initials [ edit] Initial consonants of Teochew, are represented in the Guangdong Romanization system as: B, BH, C, D, G, GH, H, K, L, M, N, NG, P, R, S, T, and Z. Examples: B [p. bag (北 north) Bh [b. bhê (馬 horse) C [tsʰ. cên (青 green) cǔi (嘴 mouth) ciên (槍 gun) D [t. diê (潮 tide) G [k. giê (橋 bridge) GH [g. gho (鵝 goose) H [h. hung (雲 cloud) K [kʰ. ke (去 to go) L [l. lag (六 six) M [m. mêng (明 bright) N [n. nang (人 person) NG [ŋ. ngou (五 five) P [pʰ. peng (平 peace) R [ d)z. riêg/ruah (熱 hot) S [s. sên (生 to be born) T [tʰ. tin (天 sky) Z [ts. ziu (州 region/state) Vowels [ edit] Vowels and vowel combinations in the Teochew dialect include: A, E, Ê, I, O, U, AI, AO, IA, IAO, IO, IU, OI, OU, UA, UAI, UE, and UI. A - ma (媽 mother) E - de (箸 chopsticks) Ê - sên (生 to be born) I - bhi (味 smell/taste) O - to (桃 peach) U - ghu (牛 cow) Many words in Teochew are nasalized. This is represented by the letter "n" in the Guangdong Pengim system. Example (nasalized) suan (山 mountain) cên (青 green) Ending [ edit] Ending consonants in Teochew include M and NG as well as the stops discussed below. M - iam (鹽 salt) NG - bhuang (萬 ten thousand) Teochew retains many consonant stops lost in Mandarin. These stops include a labial stop: b" velar stop: g" and glottal stop: h. B - zab (十 ten) G - hog (福 happiness) H - tih (鐵 iron) See also [ edit] Southern Min Hokkien Amoy Hokkien Taiwanese Hokkien Languages of China List of Chinese dialects Thai Chinese Chinese in Singapore Malaysian Chinese Indonesian Chinese References [ edit] Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017. Chaozhou. Glottolog 3. 0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. ^ Nominalization in Asian Languages: Diachronic and typological perspectives, p. 11, Yap, FoongHa; Grunow-Hårsta, Karen; Wrona, Janick (ed. John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2011 Sources [ edit] Beijing da xue Zhongguo yu yan wen xue xi yu yan xue jiao yan shi. (2003. Han yu fang yin zi hui. (Chinese dialectal vocabulary) Beijing: Yu wen chu ban she (北京大學中國語言文學系語言學教研室, 2003. 漢語方音字彙. 北京: 語文出版社) ISBN   7-80184-034-8 Cai Junming. (1991. Putonghua dui zhao Chaozhou fang yan ci hui. (Chaozhou dialectal vocabulary, contrasted with Mandarin) Hong Kong: T. T. Ng Chinese Language Research Centre (蔡俊明, 1991. 普通話對照潮州方言詞彙. 香港: 香港中文大學吳多泰中國語文研究中心) ISBN   962-7330-02-7 Chappell, Hilary (ed. 2001. Sinitic grammar: synchronic and diachronic perspectives. Oxford; New York: OUP ISBN   0-19-829977-X Chen, Matthew Y. (2000. Tone Sandhi: patterns across Chinese dialects. Cambridge, England: CUP ISBN   0-521-65272-3 DeFrancis, John. (1984. The Chinese language: fact and fantasy. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press ISBN   0-8248-1068-6 Li, Xin Kui. (1994. Guangdong di fang yan. (Dialects of Guangdong) Guangzhou, China: Guangdong ren min chu ban she (李新魁, 1994. 廣東的方言. 廣州: 廣東 人民出版社) ISBN   7-218-00960-3 Li, Yongming. (1959. Chaozhou fang yan. (Chaozhou dialect) Beijing: Zhonghua. (李永明, 1959. 潮州方言. 北京: 中華) Lin, Lun Lun. (1997. Xin bian Chaozhou yin zi dian. (New Chaozhou pronunciation dictionary) Shantou, China: Shantou da xue chu ban she. (林倫倫, 1997. 新編潮州音字典. 汕頭: 汕頭大學出版社) ISBN   7-81036-189-9 Norman, Jerry. [1988] 2002. Chinese. Cambridge, England: CUP ISBN   0-521-29653-6 Ramsey, S. Robert (1986. Languages of China. Princeton, N. J. Princeton University Press ISBN   0-691-06694-9 Xu, Huiling (2007. Aspects of Chaoshan grammar: A synchronic description of the Jieyang dialect. Monograph Series Journal of Chinese Linguistics 22 Yap, FoongHa; Grunow-Hårsta, Karen; Wrona, Janick (ed. 2011. Nominalization in Asian Languages: Diachronic and typological perspectives. Hong Kong Polytechnic University /Oxford University: John Benjamins Publishing Company ISBN   978-9027206770 Further reading [ edit] Works on the Teochew dialect [ edit] Josiah Goddard (1883. A Chinese and English vocabulary: in the Tie-chiu dialect (2 ed. Shanghai: American Presbyterian Mission Press. p. 237. Retrieved 10 February 2012. (the New York Public Library) digitized April 2, 2008) Bibles in the Teochew dialect [ edit] Kū-ieh sàn-bú-zṳ́ ē-kńg tshûan-tsṳ e̍k-tsò tiê-chiu pe̍h-ūe. Swatow: printed for the British and Foreign Bible Society at the English Presbyterian Mission Press. 1898. (11 Samuel. (Tie-chiu dialect. Harvard University) digitized December 17, 2007) External links [ edit] 1883 American Presbyterian mission press – "A pronouncing and defining dictionary of the Swatow dialect, arranged according to syllables and tones" – by Fielde, Adele Marion (in English)Link to download(3, 022 × 4, 010 pixels, file size: 42. 21 MB, MIME type: image/ 648 pages) Database of Pronunciations of Chinese Dialects (in English, Chinese and Japanese) Teochew People - Teochew dialect (in Chinese) Diojiu Bhung Gak Gaginang Glossika - Chinese Languages and Dialects Mogher (in Chinese, English and French) Omniglot Shantou University Chaozhou Studies Resources (in Chinese) Teochew Web (in Chinese and English) Tonal harmony and register contour in Chaozhou Teochew Federation Singapore.

 

 

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